Historic finishes, what did "they" use?

Howdy all,

I've seen several photos here of new instruments that are finished black, or very dark, and I've seen photos of historic instruments that were dark. My first question is what was used pre 1900's/early 1900's for such a finish?

Next question is what was used for clear, or clearish finishes, not stain?

I really don't want to use oil of any kind. No offense to anyone who likes oil finishes, but just not for me.